Dense Nonaqueous Phase Liquids (DNAPLs)

For more information on the DNAPL Website, please contact:

Linda Fiedler
Technology Assessment Branch
(703) 603-7194
fiedler.linda@epa.gov

Overview Policy and Guidance Chemistry and Behavior Environmental Occurrence Ethers (for future development) Halogenated alkanes (for future development) Halogenated alkenes 1,1-Dichloroethene cis-1,2-Dichloroethene trans-1,2-Dichloroethene 1,3-Dichloropropene Tetrachloroethene Trichloroethene Halogenated monaromatics (for future development) Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) (for future development) Multi-Component Waste (creosotes, coal tars, heavy oils) Other (aniline, benzyl chloride, etc.) (for future development) Toxicology Detection and Site Characterization Treatment Technologies Conferences and Seminars Additional Resources [View Complete DNAPLs Site Map]

Environmental Occurrence

Halogenated Alkenes

Trichloroethene

Millions of tons of trichloroethene (TCE), a widely used industrial solvent, are produced in the United States and abroad. Although its greatest use is in metal degreasing (Howard 1991 and ATSDR 1997), it is used as a solvent for fats, greases, waxes, cellulose ester, ethers, dyes, oils, household cleaners, paints, adhesives; as a refrigerant; heat exchange liquid; fumigant; inhalation analyzer or anesthetic; analgesic; chain terminator for PVC production; extractant in food processing (e.g., for decaffeinated coffee); disinfectant and detergent for skin, minor wounds, and surgical instruments; and chemical intermediate in the production of pesticides, gums, resins, tars, paints, varnishes, and chemicals, such as chloroacetic acid. It also is used for cleaning and drying electronic parts, textile processing, aerospace operations (flushing liquid oxygen), industrial extraction processes, and the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia.

TCE is detected more than any other volatile organic compound at concentrations of concern in ground water and drinking water wells (Zogorski et al. 2006). TCE also is the most widely detected organic chemical at NPL sites. The 2005 Toxics Release Inventory identified 379 facilities that together released an estimated 4,820,926 pounds of TCE to the air in 2005.

The Library of the U.S. Geological Survey provides links to several databases that contain information regarding TCE concentrations in various geographic locations, including water bodies.

For Further Information

The 2005 Toxics Release Inventory (TRI) Public Data Release Report
U.S. EPA

Certain classes of businesses report on their releases of pollution to EPA, which compiles the data in the TRI.

Handbook of Environmental Fate and Exposure Data for Organic Chemicals, Volume II: Solvents
P. Howard. Lewis Publishers, 1991, 546 pp

This handbook is a compilation of physical, chemical, fate, and transport information on selected organic chemicals.

A Review of Contaminant Occurrence in Public Water Systems
U.S. EPA
Report: EPA 816-R-99-006, 1999

This study represents EPA’s most extensive analysis to date of the occurrence of contaminants in nearly 26,000 public water systems regulated under the Safe Drinking Water Act. More than 70% of the data are from 1993 or later.

Toxicological Profile for Trichloroethylene
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 1997, 335 pp

This profile provides information on human health effects, fate and transport, production, and uses of TCE.

TCE Subregistry
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 1997, 335 pp

The subregistry reports on the baseline findings and follow-up activities from the analyses of data collected from participants in the Trichloroethylene (TCE) Subregistry. The TCE Subregistry is part of the National Exposure Registry that the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry created and maintains.

TOXNET
The National Library of Medicine
National Institutes of Health

TOXNET is a comprehensive compendium of information on a variety of chemicals, but it is often dated.

The Quality of Our Nation’s Waters: Volatile Organic Compounds in the Nation’s Ground Water and Drinking-Water Supply Wells
Zogorski, John, Janet M. Carter, Tamara Ivahnenko, Wayne W. Lapham, Michael J. Moran, Barbara L. Rowe, Paul J. Squillace, and Patricia L. Toccalino
U.S. Geological Survey, USGS Circular 1292, 2006, 1112 pp

This report summarizes the findings of an investigation of aquifers that supply drinking water to the public. The purpose of the investigation was to determine the presence or absence of 55 volatile organic chemicals in the aquifers.

Other DNAPLs Environmental Occurrence Topics:

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Last updated on Monday, November 10, 2008